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[13] [14] Similarly, Earth has an effective temperature of 255 K (−18 °C; −1 °F), [14] but a surface temperature of about 288 K (15 °C; 59 °F) [15] due to the greenhouse effect in our lower atmosphere. [5] [4] The surface temperatures of such planets are more accurately estimated by modeling thermal radiation transport through the ...
The Moon's density is substantially less than that of Earth, due to its lack of a large iron core. [3] On Earth , physical and chemical differentiation processes led to a crustal density of approximately 2700 kg/m 3 compared to the 3400 kg/m 3 density of the compositionally different mantle just below, and the average density of the planet as a ...
Heller et al. (2021) estimated that shortly after the Moon was formed, when the Moon orbited 10-15 times closer to Earth than it does now, tidal heating might have contributed ~10 W/m 2 of heating over perhaps 100 million years, and that this could have accounted for a temperature increase of up to 5°C on the early Earth. [5] [6]
In the case of the Moon, additional corrections are needed for the Moon's horizontal parallax and its apparent semi-diameter; both vary with the Earth–Moon distance. Refraction near the horizon is highly variable, principally because of the variability of the temperature gradient near the Earth's surface and the geometric sensitivity of the ...
Timekeeping on the Moon is an issue of synchronized human activity on the Moon and contact with such. The two main differences to timekeeping on Earth is the length of a day on the Moon, being the lunar day or lunar month, observable from Earth as the lunar phases, and the differences between Earth and the Moon of how differently fast time progresses, with 24 hours on the Moon being 58.7 ...
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits at an average distance of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), about 30 times the diameter of Earth. Tidal forces between Earth and the Moon have synchronized the Moon's orbital period (lunar month) with its rotation period at 29.5 Earth days, causing the same side of the Moon to always face Earth.
Temperature measurements are also made by GPS radio occultation. [31] This technique measures the refraction of the radio waves transmitted by GPS satellites as they propagate in the Earth's atmosphere, thus allowing vertical temperature and moisture profiles to be measured.
The Tibetan and Andean Plateaus present one of the largest differences in daily temperature on the planet, as does the Western US and the western portion of southern Africa. High desert regions typically have the greatest diurnal-temperature variations, while low-lying humid areas near the shores (tropical, oceanic, and arctic) typically have ...