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In the center of mass frame the kinetic energy is the lowest and the total energy becomes = ˙ + The coordinates x 1 and x 2 can be expressed as = = and in a similar way the energy E is related to the energies E 1 and E 2 that separately contain the kinetic energy of each body: = = ˙ + = = ˙ + = +
The specific example discussed is of a satellite orbiting a planet, but the rules of thumb could also apply to other situations, such as orbits of small bodies around a star such as the Sun. Kepler's laws of planetary motion: Orbits are elliptical, with the heavier body at one focus of the ellipse. A special case of this is a circular orbit (a ...
The blue path in this image is an example of a hyperbolic trajectory. A hyperbolic trajectory is depicted in the bottom-right quadrant of this diagram, where the gravitational potential well of the central mass shows potential energy, and the kinetic energy of the hyperbolic trajectory is shown in red. The height of the kinetic energy decreases ...
The central body and orbiting body are also often referred to as the primary and a particle respectively. In the specific cases of an elliptical or circular orbit, the vis-viva equation may be readily derived from conservation of energy and momentum. Specific total energy is constant throughout the orbit.
The specific orbital energy associated with this orbit is −29.6 MJ/kg: the potential energy is −59.2 MJ/kg, and the kinetic energy 29.6 MJ/kg. Compared with the potential energy at the surface, which is −62.6 MJ/kg., the extra potential energy is 3.4 MJ/kg, and the total extra energy is 33.0 MJ/kg.
Here, the total turn is analogous to turning number, but for open curves (an angle covered by velocity vector). The limit case between an ellipse and a hyperbola, when e equals 1, is parabola. Radial trajectories are classified as elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic based on the energy of the orbit, not the eccentricity.
Because kinetic energy equals mv 2 /2, this change in velocity imparts a greater increase in kinetic energy at a high velocity than it would at a low velocity. For example, considering a 2 kg rocket: at 1 m/s, the rocket starts with 1 2 = 1 J of kinetic energy. Adding 1 m/s increases the kinetic energy to 2 2 = 4 J, for a gain of 3 J;
The satellite's acceleration is represented by the green vector and its velocity is represented by the red vector. If the satellite's orbit is an ellipse the potential energy of the satellite, and its kinetic energy, both vary with time but their sum remains constant. In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and ...