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¯ = sample mean of differences d 0 {\displaystyle d_{0}} = hypothesized population mean difference s d {\displaystyle s_{d}} = standard deviation of differences
Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.
The sample covariance matrix has in the denominator rather than due to a variant of Bessel's correction: In short, the sample covariance relies on the difference between each observation and the sample mean, but the sample mean is slightly correlated with each observation since it is defined in terms of all observations.
The table above (even if some more columns are added) maintains one line per country for narrower browser and screen widths. So it is therefore more readable and scannable in long country tables. The table format below can greatly increase in number of lines, and require more vertical scrolling, especially if more columns are added.
The arithmetic mean (or simply mean or average) of a list of numbers, is the sum of all of the numbers divided by their count.Similarly, the mean of a sample ,, …,, usually denoted by ¯, is the sum of the sampled values divided by the number of items in the sample.
Symbolic Link (SYLK) is a Microsoft file format typically used to exchange data between applications, specifically spreadsheets. SYLK files conventionally have a .slk suffix. Composed of only displayable ANSI characters, it can be easily created and processed by other applications, such as databases .
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Arrow (symbol) § Arrows in Unicode; Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode; Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics) For more on special characters: Unicode character name index can be used to find the Unicode number of a character. W3C list of MathML characters indexed by code or name