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The essence of Brønsted–Lowry theory is that an acid is only such in relation to a base, and vice versa. Water is amphoteric as it can act as an acid or as a base. In the image shown at the right one molecule of H 2 O acts as a base and gains H + to become H 3 O + while the other acts as an acid and loses H + to become OH − .
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry introduced the Brønsted–Lowry theory, which said that any compound that can give a proton to another compound is an acid, and the compound that receives the proton is a base. A proton is a subatomic particle in the nucleus with a unit positive electrical charge.
In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.It can be used to determine pH via titration.Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base theories, for example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.
In the more general Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory (1923), a base is a substance that can accept hydrogen cations (H +)—otherwise known as protons. This does include aqueous hydroxides since OH − does react with H + to form water, so that Arrhenius bases are a subset of Brønsted bases.
A Lewis base is often a Brønsted–Lowry base as it can donate a pair of electrons to H +; [11] the proton is a Lewis acid as it can accept a pair of electrons. The conjugate base of a Brønsted–Lowry acid is also a Lewis base as loss of H + from the acid leaves those electrons which were used for the A—H bond as a lone pair on the ...
Amphoteric is derived from the Greek word amphoteroi (ἀμφότεροι) meaning "both".Related words in acid-base chemistry are amphichromatic and amphichroic, both describing substances such as acid-base indicators which give one colour on reaction with an acid and another colour on reaction with a base.
By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H +) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions, the conjugate acid of the carbonyl group is a better electrophile than the neutral
In terms of Hard/Soft Acid Base (HSAB) theory, the bare hydron is an infinitely hard Lewis acid. The hydron plays a central role in Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory: a species that behaves as a hydron donor in a reaction is known as the Brønsted acid, while the species accepting the hydron is known as the Brønsted base. In the generic ...