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Windage is a force created on an object by friction when there is relative movement between air and the object. Windage loss is the reduction in efficiency due to windage forces. For example, electric motors are affected by friction between the rotor and air. [1] Large alternators have significant losses due to windage
heat loss from steam before entering the nozzle, deflection of flow in the nozzle, boundary layer development in the nozzle, turbulence in the nozzle, and; the friction in the nozzle which reduces the available enthalpy drop. Hence, the actual velocity leaving the nozzle is less than that obtained with isentropic expansion.
Friction and windage, 5–15%; Iron or core losses, 15–25%; Stator losses, 25–40%; Rotor losses, 15–25%; Stray load losses, 10–20%. For an electric motor, the efficiency, represented by the Greek letter Eta, [49] is defined as the quotient of the mechanical output power and the electric input power, [50] calculated using this formula:
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In an electrical or electronic circuit or power system part of the energy in play is dissipated by unwanted effects, including energy lost by unwanted heating of resistive components (electricity is also used for the intention of heating, which is not a loss), the effect of parasitic elements (resistance, capacitance, and inductance), skin effect, losses in the windings and cores of ...
Loss of load in an electrical grid is a term used to describe the situation when the available generation capacity is less than the system load. [1] Multiple probabilistic reliability indices for the generation systems are using loss of load in their definitions, with the more popular [2] being Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) that characterizes a probability of a loss of load occurring within ...
Loss on ignition (LOI) is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry and soil science, particularly in the analysis of minerals and the chemical makeup of soil. It consists of strongly heating ( "igniting" ) a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change.
Multiple empirical formulae exist that relate the loss factor to the load factor (Dickert et al. in 2009 listed nine [5]). Similarly, the ratio between the average and the peak current is called form coefficient k [ 6 ] or peak responsibility factor k , [ 7 ] its typical value is between 0.2 to 0.8 for distribution networks and 0.8 to 0.95 for ...