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Fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane. The fluid mosaic model explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes.According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded.
The advent of the electron microscope, the findings of J. David Robertson, the proposal of Singer and Nicolson, and additional work of Unwin and Henderson all contributed to the development of the modern membrane model. However, understanding of past membrane models elucidates present-day perception of membrane characteristics.
To explain the hop diffusion of phospholipids, consistently with that of TM proteins, a model named "anchored TM-protein picket model" has been proposed. [1] In this model various TM proteins are anchored to and aligned along the membrane skeleton, and effectively act as rows of pickets against the free diffusion of phospholipids. [ 9 ]
According to Heinich, the model "incorporates Robert Gagne's Events of Instruction to assure effective use of media in instruction". [4] The purpose of this model was to guide the integration of technology into school curriculum in the most effective way and it gained mainstream popularity for its popularity among educators.
Garth L. Nicolson (born October 1, 1943) [1] is an American biochemist who made a landmark scientific model for cell membrane, known as the fluid mosaic model.He is the founder of The Institute for Molecular Medicine at California, and he serves as the president, chief scientific officer and emeritus professor of molecular pathology.
The Knirk & Gustafson Instructional Design Model is an instructional model that was developed by Frederick G. Knirk and Kent L. Gustafson in 1986. Their model has three stages: Problem determination; Design; Development; Knirk is an author in the field of education and instructional design and Gustafson was a professor at the University of Georgia
The Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) model [7] [42] is an alternative model for adhesive contact which assumes that the contact profile remains the same as in Hertzian contact but with additional attractive interactions outside the area of contact. The radius of contact between two spheres from DMT theory is
The Design Council's visual representation of their Double Diamond design and innovation process. Double Diamond is the name of a design process model popularized by the British Design Council in 2005. [1] The process was adapted from the divergence-convergence model proposed in 1996 by Hungarian-American linguist Béla H. Bánáthy.