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The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen: CO + H 2 O ⇌ CO 2 + H 2. The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780. It was not until much later that the industrial value of this reaction was realized.
Carbon dioxide is also removed and to ensure that an appropriate amount of carbon dioxide remains, a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide may be used for the sparging gas. [ 3 ] Purging and blanketing: The removal of oxygen from the headspace above the wine in a container by flushing with a similar gas mixture to that used for sparging is ...
To do this, an air stream, which alternates with the vapor stream, is introduced to combust some of the carbon: O 2 + C → CO 2 (ΔH = -393 kJ/mol) Theoretically, to make 6 L of water gas, 5 L of air is required. Alternatively, to prevent contamination with nitrogen, energy can be provided by using pure oxygen to burn carbon into carbon monoxide.
The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons with between 4 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4–C12). [11] It is a mixture of paraffins ( alkanes ), olefins ( alkenes ), napthenes ( cycloalkanes ), and aromatics .
A gas regulator attached to a nitrogen cylinder. Industrial gases are the gaseous materials that are manufactured for use in industry.The principal gases provided are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, hydrogen, helium and acetylene, although many other gases and mixtures are also available in gas cylinders.
Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process.In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms.
Carbogen, also called Meduna's Mixture after its inventor Ladislas Meduna, is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen gas. Meduna's original formula was 30% CO 2 and 70% oxygen, but the term carbogen can refer to any mixture of these two gases, from 1.5% [ 1 ] to 50% [ 2 ] CO 2 .
Carbon dioxide is the lasing medium in a carbon-dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers. Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the pH of swimming pools, [139] by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids.