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The detection of genetically modified organisms in food or feed is possible by biochemical means. It can either be qualitative, showing which genetically modified organism (GMO) is present, or quantitative, measuring in which amount a certain GMO is present.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified (replicated) and aided identification and isolation of genetic material. As well as manipulating DNA, techniques had to be developed for its insertion into an organism's genome.
Positional cloning is another molecular cloning technique for identification of a gene of interest. This method uses exact chromosomal location instead of function to guide gene identification. [11] Because of this, this method focuses on all the genetic material at a chromosomal locus and makes no assumptions about function. [11]
Recombinant DNA differs from genetic recombination in that the former results from artificial methods while the latter is a normal biological process that results in the remixing of existing DNA sequences in essentially all organisms.
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding .
Genetic analysis is the overall process of studying and researching in fields of science that involve genetics and molecular biology. There are a number of applications that are developed from this research, and these are also considered parts of the process.
Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes, which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins. [140] Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair, particularly in the cell's response to double-strand breaks. [141]
This finding suggested that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria. [9] Bacterial transformation is often induced by conditions of stress, and the function of transformation appears to be repair of genomic damage. [9] In 1950, Erwin Chargaff derived rules that offered evidence of DNA being the genetic material of life. These were "1) that the ...