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The case originally considered by Carl Friedrich Gauss was the quadratic Gauss sum, for R the field of residues modulo a prime number p, and χ the Legendre symbol.In this case Gauss proved that G(χ) = p 1 ⁄ 2 or ip 1 ⁄ 2 for p congruent to 1 or 3 modulo 4 respectively (the quadratic Gauss sum can also be evaluated by Fourier analysis as well as by contour integration).
Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares is strongly related with the theory of Gaussian primes.. A Gaussian integer is a complex number + such that a and b are integers. The norm (+) = + of a Gaussian integer is an integer equal to the square of the absolute value of the Gaussian integer.
Most of the more elementary definitions of the sum of a divergent series are stable and linear, and any method that is both stable and linear cannot sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ to a finite value (see § Heuristics below). More advanced methods are required, such as zeta function regularization or Ramanujan summation.
The Gaussian integers are the set [1] [] = {+,}, =In other words, a Gaussian integer is a complex number such that its real and imaginary parts are both integers.Since the Gaussian integers are closed under addition and multiplication, they form a commutative ring, which is a subring of the field of complex numbers.
Previously, in 1801, Gauss had obtained a more general result, [6] containing Legendre's theorem of 1797–8 as a corollary. In particular, Gauss counted the number of solutions of the expression of an integer as a sum of three squares, and this is a generalisation of yet another result of Legendre, [7] whose proof is incomplete. This last fact ...
Therefore, the theorem states that it is expressible as the sum of two squares. Indeed, 2450 = 7 2 + 49 2. The prime decomposition of the number 3430 is 2 · 5 · 7 3. This time, the exponent of 7 in the decomposition is 3, an odd number. So 3430 cannot be written as the sum of two squares.
The Disquisitiones Arithmeticae has been translated from Gauss's Ciceronian Latin into English and German. The German edition includes all of his papers on number theory: all the proofs of quadratic reciprocity, the determination of the sign of the Gauss sum, the investigations into biquadratic reciprocity, and unpublished notes.
In number theory, quadratic Gauss sums are certain finite sums of roots of unity. A quadratic Gauss sum can be interpreted as a linear combination of the values of the complex exponential function with coefficients given by a quadratic character; for a general character, one obtains a more general Gauss sum.