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In April 1975, Daoud paid a visit to Iran, and returned with a credit extension of $2 billion.The majority of the sum - $1.7 billion - was expected to be used to fund the construction of a rail system connecting Herat, Kandahar and Kabul to the Iranian rail system, which could provide access to the Persian Gulf. [1]
The U.S.-led war in Afghanistan began on 7 October 2001, as Operation Enduring Freedom. It was designed to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants, as well as replace the Taliban with a U.S.-friendly government. The Bush Doctrine stated that, as policy, it would not distinguish between al-Qaeda and nations that harbor them.
Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal (1995) excerpt; Cordsman, A. H., and A. R. Wagner. The Lessons of Modern War. Vol. 3, The Afghan and Falkland Conflicts (Westview, 1991) military innovations used. Daley, Tad. "Afghanistan and Gorbachev's Global Foreign Policy" Asian Survey 29 (May 1989) DOI:10.2307/2644534; Dibb, Paul.
The 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising was an Islamist uprising led by Jamiat-e Islami against the government of Daoud Khan, and was the first ever ISI operation that took place in Afghanistan. [ 9 ] [ 3 ] It was in "retaliation to Republic of Afghanistan ’s proxy war and support to the militants against Pakistan ".
With the first publicly-known ISI operation in Afghanistan occurring in 1975, [1] in response to a limited border conflict between the two nations, [2] [3] [4] ISI's operations in Afghanistan grew exponentially in response to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan with backing from Saudi Arabia and the United States' Operation Cyclone. [5]
The war resulted in the deaths of between 1,000,000 [65] and 3,000,000 Afghans. [5] Civilian death and destruction from the war was massive and detrimental. Estimates of Afghan civilian deaths vary from 562,000 [6] to 2,000,000. [7] [8] By one estimate, at least 800,000 Afghans were killed during the Soviet occupation. [66]
During the government of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, the National Reconciliation Policy was developed from the mid-1980s to 1992 by two successive Afghan leaders, Babrak Karmal and Mohammad Najibullah, aiming to end the armed conflict with the Mujahideen and integrate the Mujahideen into a multi-party political process; to get the Soviet Union security forces to withdraw from ...
Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent Kingdom of Afghanistan in June 1926 under Amanullah Khan. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until Zahir Shah was overthrown in 1973 , following which the Republic of Afghanistan was established.