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The baker has determined how much a recipe's ingredients weigh, and uses uniform decimal weight units. All ingredient weights are divided by the flour weight to obtain a ratio, then the ratio is multiplied by 100% to yield the baker's percentage for that ingredient:
[5] Fuller calculator in case. The calculator was sold in a hinged mahogany case 46 by 12 by 11 centimetres (18.1 in × 4.7 in × 4.3 in) which, if required, holds the instrument when in use by means a brass support that can be latched to the outer end of the case. [6] [7] Out of its case the calculator weighs about 900 grams (32 oz). [8]
Austrian gold ducat depicting Kaiser Franz-Josef, c. 1910. The ducat (/ ˈ d ʌ k ə t /) coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around 3.5 grams (0.11 troy ounces) of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries.
The equivalent weight of an element is the mass which combines with or displaces 1.008 gram of hydrogen or 8.0 grams of oxygen or 35.5 grams of chlorine. The equivalent weight of an element is the mass of a mole of the element divided by the element's valence. That is, in grams, the atomic weight of the element divided by the usual valence. [2]
It was historically based on a physical standardized pound or "prototype weight" that could be divided into 16 ounces. [ a ] There were a number of competing measures of mass, and the fact that the avoirdupois pound had three even numbers as divisors (half and half and half again) may have been a cause of much of its popularity, so that the ...
An overview of ranges of mass. To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10 −67 kg and 10 52 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe.
An ounce-force is 1 ⁄ 16 of a pound-force, or about 0.2780139 newtons. It is defined as the force exerted by a mass of one avoirdupois ounce under standard gravity (at the surface of the earth, its weight). The "ounce" in "ounce-force" is equivalent to an avoirdupois ounce; ounce-force is a measurement of force using avoirdupois ounces.
English-speaking countries also used a system of units of fluid measure, or in modern terminology volume units, based on the apothecaries' system. Originally, the terms and symbols used to describe the volume measurements of liquids were the same as or similar to those used to describe weight measurements of solids [33] (for example, the pound by weight and the fluid pint were both referred to ...