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The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded (September 1985) 2012 retrospective video by NASA on the Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer [2] is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol Albania: 19 December 2004 Algeria-Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol Andorra: 28 June 2004 Angola-Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol Antigua and Barbuda-None International Protocol Argentina: 14 February 2010 Armenia: 15 June 2010 Australia: 24 January 2009 Austria: 28 June 2004 Azerbaijan: 11 April 2015 ...
Because the Protocol was created in the 1980s and countries economic situations have changed, the Kigali Amendment created three updated groups for compliance with the additional terms. [ 18 ] The first group, which includes the "old" industrialized countries, is committed to reducing the use of HFCs by 45% by 2024 and by 85% by 2036, compared ...
The Protocol makes it an offence to commit similarly violent, dangerous, or damaging acts in airports that serve civil aviation. The Protocol came into force on 6 August 1989 and as of October 2022 has been ratified by 176 states, which includes 174 UN member states plus the Cook Islands and Niue.
One example is the use of sanctions: under the Montreal Protocol, signatories were forbidden to purchase chlorofluorocarbons from non-signatories, in order to prevent any windfall benefits. [11] Funding has also been used to overcome North-South conflict: members of the Montreal Protocol created a fund of $240 million to redistribute the costs ...
Due to these limitations, in 2021, the maximum number of state ratifications that a multilateral treaty can have is 198; this total consists of all 193 UN member states; both UN observer states, the Holy See (Vatican City) and the State of Palestine; as well as the Cook Islands, Niue, and Kosovo (member states of eight, five, and two UN specialized agencies respectively).
The convention is complemented by three Optional Protocols, one on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, another one on the involvement of children in armed conflict, and a third and more recent Protocol on a communications procedure for children. [1]
The United Nations Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2000) [40] is an additional international instrument that calls on States parties to ensure that coercive adoption is criminalized under national law, regardless of whether the offence is committed ...