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  2. Ligature (writing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(writing)

    By the 14th century, the "new" letter W , originated as two V glyphs or U glyphs joined, developed into a legitimate letter with its own position in the alphabet. Because of its relative youth compared to other letters of the alphabet, only a few European languages (English, Dutch, German, Polish, Welsh, Maltese, and Walloon) use the letter in ...

  3. Crossword abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossword_abbreviations

    Roman numerals: for example the word "six" in the clue might be used to indicate the letters VI; The name of a chemical element may be used to signify its symbol; e.g., W for tungsten; The days of the week; e.g., TH for Thursday; Country codes; e.g., "Switzerland" can indicate the letters CH; ICAO spelling alphabet: where Mike signifies M and ...

  4. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  5. Playfair cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playfair_cipher

    The two letters of the digram are considered opposite corners of a rectangle in the key table. To perform the substitution, apply the following 4 rules, in order, to each pair of letters in the plaintext: If both letters are the same (or only one letter is left), add an "X" after the first letter. Encrypt the new pair and continue.

  6. Crossword - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossword

    An American-style 15×15 crossword grid layout. A crossword (or crossword puzzle) is a word game consisting of a grid of black and white squares, into which solvers enter words or phrases ("entries") crossing each other horizontally ("across") and vertically ("down") according to a set of clues. Each white square is typically filled with one ...

  7. List of letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_letters_used_in...

    Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.

  8. Wikipedia:List of two-letter combinations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_two...

    This list of all two-letter combinations includes 1352 (2 × 26 2) of the possible 2704 (52 2) combinations of upper and lower case from the modern core Latin alphabet.A two-letter combination in bold means that the link links straight to a Wikipedia article (not a disambiguation page).

  9. NATO phonetic alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 15 January 2025. Letter names for unambiguous communication Not to be confused with International Phonetic Alphabet. Alphabetic code words A lfa N ovember B ravo O scar C harlie P apa D elta Q uebec E cho R omeo F oxtrot S ierra G olf T ango H otel U niform I ndia V ictor J uliett W hiskey K ilo X ray L ...