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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), is for women with menopausal symptoms. It is based on the idea that the treatment may prevent discomfort caused by diminished circulating estrogen and progesterone hormones, or in the case of the surgically or prematurely menopausal, that it may prolong life and may reduce incidence of dementia. [1]
Estrogen can also reduce vaginal atrophy and increase sexual arousal, frequency and orgasm. [21] The effectiveness of hormone replacement can decline in some women after long-term use. [21] A number of studies have also found that the combined effects of estrogen/androgen replacement therapy can increase libido and arousal over estrogen alone. [21]
Menopause symptoms — and how severe they are — vary from person to person. But in general, the hormonal changes that happen during menopause bring on a slew of physical and emotional side ...
Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [10] Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men.
[49] [56] [57] In addition, estrogens may have advantages relative to castration in terms of hot flashes, sexual interest and function, osteoporosis, cognitive function, and quality of life. [ 49 ] [ 57 ] [ 54 ] [ 58 ] However, side effects such as gynecomastia and feminization in general may be difficult to tolerate and unacceptable for many men.
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently stop, marking the end of the reproductive stage for the female human. [1] [6] [7] It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although the exact timing can vary. [8]
Estrogen affects certain blood vessels. Improvement in arterial blood flow has been demonstrated in coronary arteries. [39] 17-beta-estradiol (E2) is considered the most potent estrogen found in humans. E2 influences vascular function, apoptosis, and damage during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion.
Tibolone is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal atrophy, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and endometriosis. [1] [20] [11] It has similar or greater effectiveness compared to older menopausal hormone therapy medications, but shares a similar side effect profile.