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Catecholamines are produced mainly by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine, which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the brainstem: the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra, the latter of which contains neuromelanin ...
The most important regulatory hormone in lipolysis is insulin; lipolysis can only occur when insulin action falls to low levels, as occurs during fasting. Other hormones that affect lipolysis include leptin, [1] glucagon, [2] epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and cortisol. [3]
The stress induced during exercise results in an increase in the hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are known for the body's "fight or flight" response. Increased secretion of catecholamines are a hormone response regulated by the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). [10]
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l-DOPA is produced from the amino acid l-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. l-DOPA can act as an l-tyrosine mimetic and be incorporated into proteins by mammalian cells in place of l-tyrosine, generating protease-resistant and aggregate-prone proteins in vitro and may contribute to neurotoxicity with chronic l-DOPA administration. [10]
The production of steroid hormones is called steroidogenesis, and involves a number of reactions and processes that take place in cortical cells. [5] The medulla produces the catecholamines, which function to produce a rapid response throughout the body in stress situations. [4] A number of endocrine diseases involve dysfunctions of the adrenal ...
Cellulite (/ s ɛ l j uː l aɪ t / ⓘ) or gynoid lipodystrophy (GLD) is the herniation of subcutaneous fat within fibrous connective tissue that manifests as skin dimpling and nodularity, often on the pelvic region (specifically the buttocks), lower limbs, and abdomen.
Stress, to a physiologist, means any situation that threatens the continued stability of the body and its functions. [61] Stress affects a wide variety of body systems: the two most consistently activated are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the norepinephrine system, including both the sympathetic nervous system and the locus ...