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B-Raf is a 766-amino acid, regulated signal transduction serine/threonine-specific protein kinase.Broadly speaking, it is composed of three conserved domains characteristic of the Raf kinase family: conserved region 1 (CR1), a Ras-GTP-binding [11] self-regulatory domain, conserved region 2 (CR2), a serine-rich hinge region, and conserved region 3 (CR3), a catalytic protein kinase domain that ...
V600E is a mutation of the BRAF gene in which valine (V) is substituted by glutamic acid (E) at amino acid 600. [1] [2] It is a driver mutation in a proportion of certain diagnoses, including melanoma, [3] [4] hairy cell leukemia, [5] [6] papillary thyroid carcinoma, [7] [8] colorectal cancer, [9] non-small-cell lung cancer, [10] [11] Langerhans cell histiocytosis, [12] Erdheim–Chester ...
Recurrent evolution also referred to as repeated [1] [2] or replicated [3] evolution is the repeated evolution of a particular trait, character, or mutation. [4] Most evolution is the result of drift, often interpreted as the random chance of some alleles being passed down to the next generation and others not.
[c] [20] [21] By this, de Vries meant that a new form of the plant was created in a single step (not the same as a mutation in the modern sense); no long period of natural selection was required for speciation, and nor was reproductive isolation. [22] In the view of the historian of science Peter J. Bowler, De Vries used the term to mean [1]
In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2] Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations. Mutation rates are given for specific classes of mutations.
The evolution of biological complexity is one important outcome of the process of evolution. [1] Evolution has produced some remarkably complex organisms – although the actual level of complexity is very hard to define or measure accurately in biology, with properties such as gene content, the number of cell types or morphology all proposed as possible metrics.
A notable example of this was the book The Material Basis of Evolution (1940) by the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt, a close friend of Filipchenko. [16] Goldschmidt suggested saltational evolutionary changes either due to mutations that affect the rates of developmental processes [17] or due to alterations in the chromosomal pattern. [18]
Unlike culinary bananas, wild-type bananas have numerous large, hard seeds.. The wild type (WT) is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature. . Originally, the wild type was conceptualized as a product of the standard [1] "normal" allele at a locus, in contrast to that produced by a non-standard, "mutant"