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The possibility of using microorganisms in biomining applications was realized after the 1951 paper by Kenneth Temple and Arthur Colmer. [9] In the paper the authors presented evidence that the bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (basonym Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) is an iron oxidizer that thrive in iron, copper and magnesium-rich environments. [9]
Waterfalls provide spring water for humans, animals and plants for survival and habitat for marine organisms. The water current can be used to turn turbines for hydroelectric generation. The ocean is an example of a natural resource. Ocean waves can be used to generate wave power, a renewable energy source.
These books detail many different mining methods used in German and Saxon mines. A prime issue in medieval mines, which Agricola explains in detail, was the removal of water from mining shafts. As miners dug deeper to access new veins, flooding became a very real obstacle.
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors.
Oil shale was one of the first sources of mineral oil used by humans. [4] In the 10th century, the Arabic physician Masawaih al-Mardini (Mesue the Younger) first described a method of extracting oil from "some kind of bituminous shale". [5] It was also reported to have been used in Switzerland and Austria in the early 14th century. [6]
Most natural essences are obtained by extracting the essential oil from the feedstock, such as blossoms, fruit, and roots, or from intact plants through multiple techniques and methods: Expression ( juicing , pressing ) involves physical extraction material from feedstock, used when the oil is plentiful and easily obtained from materials such ...
In ancient Israel and the Levant, three methods were used to produce different grades of olive oil. [11] The finest oil was produced from fully developed and ripe olives harvested solely from the apex of the tree, [12] and lightly pressed, "for what flows from light pressure is very sweet and very thin."
For the chemical method, many different kits are used for extraction, and selecting the correct one will save time on kit optimization and extraction procedures. PCR sensitivity detection is considered to show the variation between the commercial kits. [5] There are many different methods for extracting DNA, but some common steps include: