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The Romance languages, also known as the Latin [2] or Neo-Latin [3] languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin. [4] They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. The five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are:
The first features in Ibero-Romance arise in the 10th century as fragments appear from that time in Vulgar Latin varieties, identifable as Old Leonese and Navarro-Aragonese. [5] In the 10th or 11th century, glosses known as the " Glosas Emilianenses " were written, presumably by a monk at the monastery of San Millán de Suso (in La Rioja).
Neolatino Romance (or simply 'Neolatino') [37] [38] is a naturalistic pan-Romance zonal auxiliary language, proposed as a standard language for Romance as a whole, to ease communication amongst or with speakers of Romance languages, complementing (not substituting) the standards that exist locally (Portuguese, Spanish, etc.).
Today the four most widely spoken standardized Western Romance languages are Spanish (c. 486 million native speakers, around 125 million second-language speakers), Portuguese (c. 220 million native, another 45 million or so second-language speakers, mainly in Lusophone Africa), French (c. 80 million native speakers, another 70 million or so ...
Like other Romance languages, Old-Gallo Romance distinguished the masculine and feminine forms. [3] The noun forms in Old Gallo-Romance was reduced two from the Latin six, as shown in Old Occitan and Old French, with the nomantive ending being -s. [4] [5] [6] Old Gallo-Italic appears to have used V2 word order. [7]
Some Romance languages form plurals by adding /s/ (derived from the plural of the Latin accusative case), while others form the plural by changing the final vowel (by influence of Latin nominative plural endings, such as /i/) from some masculine nouns. Plural in /s/: Portuguese, Galician, Spanish, Catalan, [25] Occitan, Sardinian, Friulian ...
Old Gallo-Italic, also referred as Old Lombard, or Old Northern Italian is a Gallo-Romance language spoken from 900 until 1500. [1] The language is similar to Old Occitan, which was spoken around the same area. Most texts were written in the Lombard koiné.
The Southern Romance languages are a primary branch of the Romance languages. According to the classification of linguists such as Leonard (1980) and Agard (1984), the Southern Romance family is composed of Sardinian, Corsican, and the southern Lucanian dialects. [1] This theory is far from universally supported.
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