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X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers.
The photon-in-photon-out process may be thought of as a scattering event. When the x-ray energy corresponds to the binding energy of a core-level electron, this scattering process is resonantly enhanced by many orders of magnitude. This type of X-ray emission spectroscopy is often referred to as resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS).
The distance between two bonded atoms is a sensitive measure of the bond strength and its bond order; thus, X-ray crystallographic studies have led to the discovery of even more exotic types of bonding in inorganic chemistry, such as metal-metal double bonds, [63] [64] [65] metal-metal quadruple bonds, [66] [67] [68] and three-center, two ...
The more oxidized forms of Si (SiO x, x = 1-2) appear at higher binding energies in the broad feature centered at 103.67 eV. The so-called metallic form of silicon, which resides below an upper layer of oxidized silicon, exhibits a set of doublet peaks at 100.30 eV (Si 2p 1/2) and 99.69 eV (Si 2p 3/2). The fact that the metallic silicon signal ...
Natural color X-ray photogram of a wine scene. Note the edges of hollow cylinders as compared to the solid candle. William Coolidge explains medical imaging and X-rays.. An X-ray (also known in many languages as Röntgen radiation) is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than those of ultraviolet rays and longer than those of gamma rays.
Figure 1: Physics of X-ray fluorescence in a schematic representation. When materials are exposed to short- wavelength X-rays or to gamma rays, ionization of their component atoms may take place. Ionization consists of the ejection of one or more electrons from the atom, and may occur if the atom is exposed to radiation with an energy greater ...
In August 2014 the source code for the game's X-Ray Engine 1.5.10 became available on GitHub under a non-open-source license. [224] The successor's engine, X-ray 1.6.02, became available too. [ 225 ] [ 226 ] As of October 2019 the xray-16 engine community fork, "OpenXRay", achieved compiling state and support for the two games Call of Pripyat ...