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The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, [25] the most prominent classical statements [26] being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms ...
The Clausius statement states that it is impossible to construct a device whose sole effect is the transfer of heat from a cool reservoir to a hot reservoir. [3] Equivalently, heat spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cooler one, not the other way around.
Kelvin; Kelvin's circulation theorem; Kelvin-Planck statement; Kelvin material; Kelvin probe force microscope; Kelvin water dropper; Kelvin wave; Kelvin–Helmholtz instability; Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism; Kelvin–Voigt material; Ken Pounds; Ken Riley (physicist) Kendal Nezan; Kender engine; Kennedy–Thorndike experiment; Kenneth Allen ...
The vertical axes of Planck's law plots building this animation were proportionally transformed to keep equal areas between functions and horizontal axis for wavelengths 380–780 nm. K indicates the color temperature in kelvins , and M indicates the color temperature in micro reciprocal degrees.
In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law [1]: 1305 ) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T, when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment.
[1] [2] [3] A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law after the first three laws had been established. The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature: if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium ...
A United Airlines passenger has been charged with reckless behavior and fined $10,000 for reportedly urinating in his seat during a trans-Atlantic flight that had to be diverted to Dublin, Ireland.
The Planck statement applies only to perfect crystalline substances: As temperature falls to zero, the entropy of any pure crystalline substance tends to a universal constant. That is, lim T → 0 S = S 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{T\to 0}S=S_{0}} , where S 0 {\displaystyle S_{0}} is a universal constant that applies for all possible crystals, of ...