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Private police officers are generally required to be licensed the same as a regular police officer and have the same powers as a regular law enforcement officer (even if sometimes limited to the properties they are assigned to protect). A specific type of private police is company police, such as railroad police.
Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106 (1977), is a United States Supreme Court criminal law decision holding that a police officer ordering a person out of a car following a traffic stop and conducting a pat-down to check for weapons did not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The authority for use of police power under American Constitutional law has its roots in English and European common law traditions. [3] Even more fundamentally, use of police power draws on two Latin principles, sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas ("use that which is yours so as not to injure others"), and salus populi suprema lex esto ("the welfare of the people shall be the supreme law ...
According to a report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, American Indian men are up to 1.7 times more likely to be killed by police ...
This permitted police action has subsequently been referred to in short as a "stop and frisk", "stop, question, and frisk," or simply a "Terry stop." The Terry standard was later extended to temporary detentions of persons in vehicles, known as traffic stops ; see Terry stop for a summary of subsequent jurisprudence.
In the United States, certification and licensure requirements for law enforcement officers vary significantly from state to state. [1] [2] Policing in the United States is highly fragmented, [1] and there are no national minimum standards for licensing police officers in the U.S. [3] Researchers say police are given far more training on use of firearms than on de-escalating provocative ...
“Failing to provide SROs has left students vulnerable and has forced Milwaukee police officers — through 911 calls — to pick up the slack when schools need assistance," reads a prepared ...
This meant hiring white female police officers to deal with white women, and hiring African American policewomen to work with black women. Georgia Ann Robinson, the first black policewoman hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1919, was part of such early reform efforts. She often referred the people she came in contact with to social ...