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Explicitly incorporating this definition in the Green's second identity with ε = 1 results in = (). In particular, this demonstrates that the Laplacian is a self-adjoint operator in the L 2 inner product for functions vanishing on the boundary so that the right hand side of the above identity is zero.
Using the Green's function for the three-variable Laplace operator, one can integrate the Poisson equation in order to determine the potential function. Green's functions can be expanded in terms of the basis elements (harmonic functions) which are determined using the separable coordinate systems for the linear partial differential equation .
Green's functions are also useful tools in solving wave equations and diffusion equations. In quantum mechanics, Green's function of the Hamiltonian is a key concept with important links to the concept of density of states. The Green's function as used in physics is usually defined with the opposite sign, instead.
If D is a simple type of region with its boundary consisting of the curves C 1, C 2, C 3, C 4, half of Green's theorem can be demonstrated. The following is a proof of half of the theorem for the simplified area D , a type I region where C 1 and C 3 are curves connected by vertical lines (possibly of zero length).
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The separation of a tensor into a component that is a multiple of the identity and a traceless component is standard in hydrodynamics, where the former is called isotropic, providing the modified pressure, and the latter is called deviatoric, providing shear effects.
In geometry and algebra, the triple product is a product of three 3-dimensional vectors, usually Euclidean vectors.The name "triple product" is used for two different products, the scalar-valued scalar triple product and, less often, the vector-valued vector triple product.