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Encopresis (from Ancient Greek ἐγκόπρησις, enkóprēsis) is voluntary or involuntary passage of feces outside of toilet-trained contexts (fecal soiling) in children who are four years or older and after an organic cause has been excluded. [1] Children with encopresis often leak stool into their undergarments.
Neonatal bowel obstruction (NBO) or neonatal intestinal obstruction is the most common surgical emergency in the neonatal period. [1] It may occur due to a variety of conditions and has an excellent outcome based on timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention .
The most common cause of non-duodenal intestinal atresia is a vascular accident in utero that leads to decreased intestinal perfusion and ischemia of the respective segment of bowel. [3] This leads to narrowing, or in the most severe cases, complete obliteration of the intestinal lumen .
Depending on the level of obstruction, bowel obstruction can present with abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and constipation.Bowel obstruction may be complicated by dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities due to vomiting; respiratory compromise from pressure on the diaphragm by a distended abdomen, or aspiration of vomitus; bowel ischemia or perforation from prolonged distension or ...
Additionally, blunt trauma, such as in a motor vehicle accident may abruptly increase the pressure within the bowel, resulting in bowel rupture. Perforation can also be a very rare complication of certain medical procedures such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy .
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The cause in children is typically unknown; in adults a lead point is sometimes present. [1] Risk factors in children include certain infections, diseases like cystic fibrosis, and intestinal polyps. [1] Risk factors in adults include endometriosis, bowel adhesions, and intestinal tumors. [1] Diagnosis is often supported by medical imaging. [1]