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The main characteristic that distinguishes physiological anisocoria is an increase of pupil size with lower light or reduced illumination, such that the pupils differ in size between the two eyes. At any given eye examination, up to 41% of healthy patients can show an anisocoria of 0.4 mm or more at one time or another.
Prefix: aniso-from the Greek language (meaning unequal), which in turn comes from an: meaning not and iso meaning equal; Root: cor, from the Greek word korē meaning pupil of the eye; Suffix: -ia, which is a Latin suffix meaning a disease or a pathological or abnormal condition; Thus, anisocoria means the condition of unequal pupils.
The ganglion cells give information about ambient light levels, and react sluggishly compared to the rods and cones. Signals from photosensitive ganglion cells have multiple functions including acute suppression of the hormone melatonin, entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms and regulation of the size of the pupil.
Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil between 1.5 mm and 8 mm, [1] via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve. A constriction response , [2] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates/opioids or anti-hypertension medications.
Argyll Robertson pupils (AR pupils) are bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object (i.e., they accommodate), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light (i.e., they do not react). They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis; however, Argyll Robertson pupils may also be a sign of diabetic neuropathy.
The person may become sleepy, behave abnormally, lose consciousness, vomit, develop a severe headache, have mismatched pupil sizes, and/or be unable to move certain parts of the body. While these symptoms happen immediately after a head injury occurs, many problems can develop later in life.
A myopic individual can see clearly out to a certain distance (the far point of the eye), but objects placed beyond this distance appear blurred. [16] [25] If the extent of the myopia is great enough, even standard reading distances can be affected.
[2] [3] Patients may have up to 3 diopters of anisometropia before the condition becomes clinically significant due to headache, eye strain, double vision or photophobia. [ 4 ] In certain types of anisometropia, the visual cortex of the brain cannot process images from both eyes simultaneously ( binocular summation ), but will instead suppress ...