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The Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL) is a standardized language proficiency test developed for non-native speakers of Chinese. It is the result of a joint project of the Mandarin Training Center, the Graduate Institute of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language, and the Psychological Testing Center of National Taiwan Normal University.
An HSK (Level 6) Examination Score Report. The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK; Chinese: 汉语水平考试; pinyin: Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì), translated as the Chinese Proficiency Test, [1] is the People's Republic of China's standardized test of proficiency in PRC Standard Chinese (one of the two forms of Standard Chinese along with ROC Standard Chinese) for non-native speakers such as ...
The Practical Chinese Reader ( Chinese: 实用汉语课本; pinyin: shíyòng hànyǔ kèběn) is a six-volume series of Chinese language teaching books developed to teach non-Chinese speakers to speak Chinese, first published in 1981. Books I and II consist of 50 lessons where the reader studies a vocabulary of 1,000 words, and basic Chinese ...
The following is a non-exhaustive list of standardized tests that assess a person's language proficiency of a foreign/secondary language. Various types of such exams exist per many languages—some are organized at an international level even through national authoritative organizations, while others simply for specific limited business or study orientation.
Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi ("National Foreign Language Proficiency Test," WSK) is a series of foreign language tests administered in Mainland China for educators who did not major in foreign languages. [1] The National Education Examinations Authority (NEEA) of China developed these tests. Performance on the WSK determines whether one is ...
Orion. Orion (HSK-1) was an auxiliary cruiser of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine which operated as a merchant raider in World War II. [1] Blohm & Voss built her in Hamburg in 1930–31 as the cargo ship Kurmark. The navy requisitioned her at the start of World War II, had her converted into the auxiliary cruiser Orion, and commissioned her on 9 ...
Chinese had no uniform system of phonetic transcription until the mid-20th century, although enunciation patterns were recorded in early rime books and dictionaries. Early Indian translators, working in Sanskrit and Pali , were the first to attempt to describe the sounds and enunciation patterns of Chinese in a foreign language.
Several more books about the battle were published. Frame's book was updated and republished in 1998. [181] Wesley Olson's Bitter Victory: the death of HMAS Sydney, published in 2000, was a re-examination of the evidence, including comparisons with similar naval engagements and sinkings, which supported the accepted view of the battle.
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