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These were limited to frequencies of 0.1 – 2 MHz, called "longwave" diathermy. The current was applied directly to the body with contact electrodes, which could cause skin burns. In the 1920s the development of vacuum tube machines allowed frequencies to be increased to 10 – 300 MHz, called "shortwave" diathermy. The energy was applied to ...
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Diathermy is produced by two techniques: short-wave radio frequencies in the range 1–100 MHz (shortwave diathermy) or microwaves typically in the 915 MHz or 2.45 GHz bands (microwave diathermy), the methods differing mainly in their penetration capability. [4] [5] [6] It exerts physical effects and elicits a spectrum of physiological responses.
Cyclodestruction by diathermy was first performed by Weve in 1933. [11] In 1949, Berens et al. described cyclo-electrolysis. [11] Cyclocryotherapy was first described by Bietti in 1950. [12] Cyclodestruction by cyclophotocoagulation was first performed by Beckman et al., in 1972, using a ruby laser. [13] ECP was developed by Martin Uram in 1992 ...
One example of such a machine is called a hyfrecator. This term began in 1940 as a Birtcher Corporation brand name Hyfrecator for "High Frequency Eradicator", but now serves generically to describe a general class of single-electrode, non-isolated (earth-referenced) low-powered electrosurgical machines intended mainly for office use. An ...
This machine was manufactured by Adrian Shoe Fitter, Inc. circa 1938 and used in a Washington, D.C., shoe store Shoe-fitting fluoroscopes , also sold under the names X-ray Shoe Fitter , Pedoscope and Foot-o-scope , were X-ray fluoroscope machines installed in shoe stores from the 1920s until about the 1970s in the United States, Canada, United ...
The PASCAL Photocoagulator is an integrated semi-automatic pattern scan laser photocoagulation system designed to treat ocular diseases using a single shot or predetermined pattern array. The device is for ophthalmologists , particularly those that focus in vitreo-retinal surgery, a type of eye surgery .
The pores on a standard surgical mask are 5-15 μm in diameter, which is inadequate in completely protecting operating room personnel from the harms of surgical smoke. [3] [5] Due to studies evaluating particles passing through standard surgical masks, some suggested that more effective masks such as HEPA-filters and N95 should be used to provide better protection from cellular debris. [3]