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Antipsychotics by class Generic name Brand names Chemical class ATC code Typical antipsychotics; Acepromazine: Atravet, Acezine: phenothiazine: N05AA04
Mydriasis is frequently induced by drugs for certain ophthalmic examinations and procedures, particularly those requiring visual access to the retina. Fixed, unilateral mydriasis could be a symptom of raised intracranial pressure. The opposite, constriction of the pupil, is referred to as miosis. Both mydriasis and miosis can be physiological.
(vasoconstriction and mydriasis; used as vasopressors, nasal decongestants and during eye exams). Selected examples are: Adrenoswitch-1 (photoswitchable partial α 1 agonist and light-controlled mydriatic) [1] Methoxamine; Midodrine; Metaraminol; Phenylephrine [2] Amidephrine [3] Sdz-nvi-085 [104195-17-7].
Visceromotor nerve axons (which constitute a portion of cranial nerve III, along with the somatomotor portion derived from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus) synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons, whose parasympathetic axons innervate the iris sphincter muscle, producing miosis.
A constriction response , [2] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates/opioids or anti-hypertension medications. Constriction of the pupil occurs when the circular muscle , controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), contracts, and also to an extent when the radial muscle relaxes.
Lethality of cyclopentolate has been studied in rodents. The LD50 (the dose at which 50% of animals die from the drug) is approximately 4000 mg/kg in rats and 960 mg/kg in mice. Readily recognizable symptoms of overdose include tachycardia, dizziness, dry mouth, behavioral disturbances, uncoordination, and drowsiness.
Ibopamine is a sympathomimetic drug, designed as a prodrug of epinine (deoxyepinephrine or N-methyldopamine), used in ophthalmology. [1] It induces mydriasis. [2] It also has been investigated for use in the treatment of congestive heart failure. [3] It acts on D 1 [4] [5] and α-adrenergic receptors as an agonist. [6]
Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia [7] when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens , vitreous humor , and retina .