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[19] [20] [21] In 1991, The Scripps group reported the first display and selection of human antibodies on phage. [22] This initial study described the rapid isolation of human antibody Fab that bound tetanus toxin and the method was then extended to rapidly clone human anti-HIV-1 antibodies for vaccine design and therapy.
For example, the library size for phage and bacterial display is limited to 1-10 × 10^9 different members. The library size for yeast display is even smaller. Moreover, these cell-based display system only allow the screening and enrichment of peptides/proteins containing natural amino acids.
John McCafferty is a British scientist, one of the founders of Cambridge Antibody Technology alongside Sir Gregory Winter and David Chiswell. He is well known as one of the inventors of scFv antibody fragment phage display, [1] a technology that revolutionised the monoclonal antibody drug discovery.
Phage Display was originally invented by Prof. George Pieczenik in 1983 USPTO disclosure document 118831 [] cited as proof of date of conception in a continuation-in-part US Patent 5,866,363 originally filed in August 1985 [] [n 1] and told to Vidal de La Cruz by Prof. George Pieczenik when they met at NIH [n 2].
Ribosome display is a technique used to perform in vitro protein evolution to create proteins that can bind to a desired ligand. The process results in translated proteins that are associated with their mRNA progenitor which is used, as a complex, to bind to an immobilized ligand in a selection step.
Infection begins when the gp9 tailspike of the P22 phage binds to the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide on the surface of Salmonella typhimurium host. [1] The virion's tail fiber protein has endorhamnosidase activity, which cleaves the O-antigen chain. [3] Upon infection, P22 can enter either a lytic or lysogenic growth pathway. [1]
In biotechnology applications, T7 RNA polymerase is commonly used to transcribe DNA that has been cloned into vectors that have two (different) phage promoters (e.g., T7 and T3, or T7 and SP6) in opposite orientation. RNA can be selectively synthesized from either strand of the insert DNA with the different polymerases.
ΦX174 is regularly used as a positive control in DNA sequencing due to its relatively small genome size in comparison to other organisms, its relatively balanced nucleotide content — about 23% G, 22% C, 24% A, and 31% T, i.e., 45% G+C and 55% A+T, see the accession NC_001422.1 [10] for its 5,386 nucleotide long sequence.