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The Easterlin hypothesis (Easterlin 1961, 1969, 1973) states that the positive relationship between income and fertility is dependent on relative income. [1] [2] It is considered the first viable and a still leading explanation for mid-twentieth century baby booms.
For avoiding pregnancy, the perfect-use failure rate of Creighton was 0.5%, which means that for each year that 1,000 couples using this method perfectly, that there are 5 unintended pregnancies. The typical-use failure rate, representing the fraction of couples using this method that actually had an unintended pregnancy, is reported as 3.2% ...
The first recorded case of artificial insemination was John Hunter in 1790, who helped impregnate a linen draper's wife. [1] [2] The first reported case of artificial insemination by donor occurred in 1884: William H. Pancoast, a professor in Philadelphia, took sperm from his "best looking" student to inseminate an anesthetized woman without her knowledge.
A woman's fertility is affected by her age. The average age of a girl's first period is 12–13 (12.5 years in the United States, [4] 12.72 in Canada, [5] 12.9 in the UK [6]), but, in postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. [7]
Fertility awareness can also be used to aid in diagnosing known gynecological problems such as infertility. Fertility awareness may be used to avoid pregnancy or to aid in conception. Use of fertility awareness can give insight to the workings of women's bodies, and may allow women to take greater control of their own fertility.
Typical use of this method is associated with a pregnancy rate of 1 to 22%. [1] A World Health Organization study found that 15% is caused by a conscious departure from method rules. [1] The percentage of people who stop using the method after a year is 1–24%. [1] Perfect use has been estimated to result in pregnancy in 0.5–3%.
Since then, there have been many milestones for reproductive medicine, including the birth of Louise Brown, the first baby to be conceived through IVF in 1978. [3] Despite this, it was not until 1989 that it became a clinical discipline thanks to the work of Iain Chalmers in developing the systematic review and the Cochrane collection. [2]
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, then removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and enabling a man's sperm to fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory.