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Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or ...
Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease) is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries and one of the lead causes of sight loss in the world, even though there are many new therapies and improved treatments for helping people live with diabetes.
The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms and MRI and confirmed by tissue biopsy. [6] [7] Blood tests may show anaemia, and less commonly a low white blood cell count and low platelet count. [5] Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and certain medicines. [7]
This produces a dark red staining of the muscle fibers given the name "ragged red fibers". While ragged red fibers are seen in normal aging, amounts in excess of normal aging give a diagnosis of a mitochondrial myopathy. [citation needed] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a sample of blood or muscle tissue can determine a mutation of the mtDNA.
In approximately 20% of ophthalmopathy patients, ophthalmopathy appears before the onset of hyperthyroidism, in about 40% concurrently, and in about 20% in the six months after diagnosis. [22] In the remainder, the eye disease first becomes apparent after treatment of the hyperthyroidism, more often in patients treated with radioiodine. [23]
The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with blood tests and radioiodine uptake. [1] [4] Typically, blood tests show a raised T 3 and T 4, low TSH, increased radioiodine uptake in all areas of the thyroid, and TSI antibodies. [4] The three treatment options are radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery. [1]
In mild disease, patients present with eyelid retraction. In fact, upper eyelid retraction is the most common ocular sign of Graves' orbitopathy. This finding is associated with lid lag on infraduction (Von Graefe's sign), eye globe lag on supraduction (Kocher's sign), a widened palpebral fissure during fixation (Dalrymple's sign) and an incapacity of closing the eyelids completely ...
Stellwag's sign is a sign of infrequent or incomplete blinking associated with exophthalmos or Graves orbitopathy. It is accompanied by Dalrymple's sign, which is a retraction of the upper eyelids resulting in an apparent widening of the palpebral opening. Stellwag's sign is named after Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Stellwag von Carion.