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Romanesque church façades, generally to the west end of the building, are usually symmetrical, have a large central portal made significant by its mouldings or porch, and an arrangement of arched-topped windows. In Italy there is often a single central ocular or wheel window. [51] The common decorative feature is arcading. [3]
Many small Pre-Romanesque churches were established in the 10th century with distinctive local characteristics including vaults, horseshoe arches, and rose windows of pierced stone. [25] Many Benedictine monasteries were established in Spain by Italian bishops and abbots, followed by the French orders of Cluniacs and Cistercians.
The portal, or entrance, of the Romanesque church received the most elaborate and dramatic sculptural decoration. It was designed as the Porta Coeli or "Doorway to heaven", a depiction of biblical stories and images in stone, which in earlier churches had been shown on the sculpture of the altar.
The sculptures over the church's portal, particularly the Last Judgement, and the columns in the adjacent cloister, are considered some of the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture. The church was built upon the site of the 5th-century basilica of Arles, named for St. Stephen. [1] In the 15th century a Gothic choir was added to the Romanesque ...
Romanesque portal with rounded archivolts on Saint-Sulpice church in Paris. The complexity of church portals and the subsequent significance of their mouldings and the designs of their archivolts was first observed on a wide scale on Romanesque churches, seen primarily in the eleventh century through to the early thirteenth century.
The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church. [ citation needed ] Examples
Boldog, Romanesque church with Gothic modifications. Spišská Kapitula, an ecclesiastical town with a Romanesque cathedral; Nitra-Drazovce, a tiny Romanesque church on the hill above the village; Levice-Kalinciakovo, a well preserved tiny Romanesque church built of hewn stone
Romanesque portal with archivolts, San Pedro Church , Ávila Polilobulated arc, Our Lady of the Assumption , Segovia. In Spain the most used arch was the semicircular although the horseshoe arch and the pointed arch were also used. The arch was used exclusively throughout the eleventh century and first half of the twelfth century.