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Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC or CSCR), also known as central serous retinopathy (CSR), is an eye disease that causes visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When the disorder is active it is characterized by leakage of fluid under the retina that has a propensity to accumulate under the central macula.
Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of fibers in the retina that sends visual signals to the brain. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteri
Long-term phase: To avoid adverse effects of long-term steroids and to avoid relapse of disease, physicians can transition to a steroid-sparing agent. B-cell depleting therapy , [ 4 ] azathioprine , methotrexate , cyclophosphamide , mycophenolate , IVIG , plasma exchange , cyclosporine , and infliximab have been used.
Stress can affect the physiology of the gut and cause many different GI symptoms, like indigestion, bloating, and “altered bowel habits,” including diarrhea and constipation, says Kevin Beyer ...
Contraindications and adverse side-effects are always a factor, as well. [14] A corticosteroid implant surgically placed within the eye can be used for patients who are not able to achieve remission on or tolerate immunomodulatory therapy, or in cases where this option presents less of a burden on life than long-term medical therapy.
The photo stress test is clinically useful in diabetes, [3] glaucoma, [3] macular degeneration [4] etc. Diabetic retinopathy affects the microvasculature of the inner retina and causes neurodegeneration. Several studies reported that PSRT is elevated in people with diabetes. [3]
Cherry red spot in a person with central retinal artery occlusion. Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by painless, acute vision loss in one eye. [1] Upon fundoscopic exam, one would expect to find: cherry-red spot (90%) (a morphologic description in which the normally red background of the choroid is sharply outlined by the swollen opaque retina in the central retina), retinal ...
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a type of eye disorder characterized by slowly progressive inability to move the eyes and eyebrows. [1] It is often the only feature of mitochondrial disease, in which case the term CPEO may be given as the diagnosis.