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A 1907 painting by Boris Kustodiev depicting Russian serfs listening to the proclamation of the Emancipation Manifesto in 1861. The emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, also known as the Edict of Emancipation of Russia, (Russian: Крестьянская реформа 1861 года, romanized: Krestyanskaya reforma 1861 goda – "peasants' reform of 1861") was the first and most important ...
While another form of slavery in Russia, kholopstvo, was ended by Peter I in 1723, [1] serfdom (Russian: крепостное право, romanized: krepostnoye pravo) was abolished only by Alexander II's emancipation reform of 1861; nevertheless, in times past, the state allowed peasants to sue for release from serfdom under certain conditions ...
The emancipation of the serfs in Russia: Peace arbitrators and the development of civil society (Routledge, 2008). Emmons, Terence, ed. Emancipation of the Russian serfs (1970), 119pp. Short excerpts from primary and secondary sources. Emmons, Terence. The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861 (1968) review; Field, Daniel.
Though the common wisdom is that a serf owned "only his belly" – even his clothes were the property, in law, of his lord – a serf might still accumulate personal property and wealth, and some serfs became wealthier than their free neighbours, although this happened rarely. [28] A well-to-do serf might even be able to buy his freedom. [29] [30]
Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель, romanized: Aleksándr Osvobodítel, IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ]).
Nikolay Milyutin. Nikolay Alexeyevich Milyutin (Russian: Никола́й Алексе́евич Милю́тин; 6 June 1818 – 26 January 1872) was a Russian statesman remembered as the chief architect of the great liberal reforms undertaken during Alexander II's reign, including the emancipation of the serfs and the establishment of zemstvo.
Communal land ownership of the mir predated serfdom, surviving emancipation and the Russian Revolution. Until the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the mir could either contain serfs or free peasants. In the first case, lands reserved for serf use were assigned to the mir for allocation by the proprietor.
The Kryepostniki are known to represent "a vast majority of the gentry owners of Russia’s 111,555 estates." While some have advocated outright serfdom, the key-issue they advocated was a "Baltic model" of serf-emancipation, specifically where the serfs would be freed, but without any significant land being redistributed to them. [2]