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The origins of serfdom in Russia may be traced to the 12th century, when the exploitation of the so-called zakups on arable lands (ролейные (пашенные) закупы, roleyniye (pashenniye) zakupy) and corvée smerds (Russian term for corvée is барщина, barschina) was the closest to what is now known as serfdom.
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Though the common wisdom is that a serf owned "only his belly" – even his clothes were the property, in law, of his lord – a serf might still accumulate personal property and wealth, and some serfs became wealthier than their free neighbours, although this happened rarely. [28] A well-to-do serf might even be able to buy his freedom. [29] [30]
According to the Russian census of 1857, Russia had 23.1 million private serfs. [5] Russian serfdom was perhaps the most notable Eastern European institution, as it was never influenced by German law and migrations, [citation needed] and serfdom and the manorial system were enforced by the crown , not by the nobility. [citation needed]
Emancipation of state-owned serfs occurred in 1866. [1] The Russian term krepostnoi krestyanin (крепостной крестьянин) is usually translated as "serf": an unfree person (to varying degrees according to existing laws) who unlike a slave cannot be owned individually as property, but can't freely live on or move to any other ...
A 1907 painting by Boris Kustodiev depicting Russian serfs listening to the proclamation of the Emancipation Manifesto in 1861. The emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, also known as the Edict of Emancipation of Russia, (Russian: Крестьянская реформа 1861 года, romanized: Krestyanskaya reforma 1861 goda – "peasants' reform of 1861") was the first and most important ...
Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova was born into a rich and ancient Russian noble family, as one of five daughters of Nikolai Avtonomovich Ivanov and his wife, Anna Ivanovna Davydova. Her sisters were: Feodora Nikolayevna Zhukova (b. 1715), Marfa Nikolayevna Izmailova (b. 1738), Agrafiona Nikolayevna Tyutcheva and Tatiana Nikolayevna Muravyova .
Research in Economic History Supplement 5b (1989): 429-439. Easley, Roxanne. The emancipation of the serfs in Russia: Peace arbitrators and the development of civil society (Routledge, 2008). Emmons, Terence, ed. Emancipation of the Russian serfs (1970), 119pp. Short excerpts from primary and secondary sources. Emmons, Terence.