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In quantum mechanics, the expectation value is the probabilistic expected value of the result (measurement) of an experiment. It can be thought of as an average of all the possible outcomes of a measurement as weighted by their likelihood, and as such it is not the most probable value of a measurement; indeed the expectation value may have zero probability of occurring (e.g. measurements which ...
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Similarly, X − takes value 2k with probability 6(2kπ) −2 for each positive integer k and takes value 0 with remaining probability. Using the definition for non-negative random variables, one can show that both E[X +] = ∞ and E[X −] = ∞ (see Harmonic series). Hence, in this case the expectation of X is undefined.
The general regression model with n observations and k explanators, the first of which is a constant unit vector whose coefficient is the regression intercept, is = + where y is an n × 1 vector of dependent variable observations, each column of the n × k matrix X is a vector of observations on one of the k explanators, is a k × 1 vector of true coefficients, and e is an n× 1 vector of the ...
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To measure cost performance, planned value (BCWS) and earned value (BCWP) must be in the same currency units as actual costs. In large implementations, the planned value curve is commonly called a Performance Measurement Baseline (PMB) and may be arranged in control accounts, summary-level planning packages, planning packages and work packages.
What to Expect When No One's Expecting: America's Coming Demographic Disaster is a book by the Weekly Standard columnist Jonathan V. Last arguing that there had been fewer people born than previously recorded around the world and why this could change society in the future. The book was initially released during February 2013 as a hardcover ...