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Defensive pessimism is a cognitive strategy in which an individual sets a low expectation for their performance, regardless of how well they have done in the past. Individuals use defensive pessimism as a strategy to prepare for anxiety-provoking events or performances.
Avoidance coping is measured via a self-reported questionnaire. Initially, the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) was used, which is a 62-item questionnaire that assesses experiential avoidance, and thus avoidance coping, by measuring how many avoidant behaviors a person exhibits and how strongly they agree with each statement on a scale of 1–6. [1]
The first math anxiety measurement scale was developed by Richardson and Suinn in 1972. [4] Since this development, several researchers have examined math anxiety in empirical studies. [2] Hembree [5] (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of 151 studies concerning math anxiety. The study determined that math anxiety is related to poor math ...
Staying in a "bad" relationship to try to avoid discomfort, guilt, and potential feelings of loneliness a break-up might entail. Losing a marriage or contact with children due to an unwillingness to experience uncomfortable feelings (e.g., achieved through drug or alcohol abuse) or symptoms of withdrawal.
People may increase their risk for agoraphobia when they use safety behaviors to avoid potentially dangerous environments even though the danger may not be as severe as perceived. [15] A common safety behavior is when a person with agoraphobia attempts to entirely avoid a crowded place such as a mall or a public bus. [16]
However, most people do not suffer from chronic anxiety. [24] Anxiety can induce several psychological pains (e.g. depression) or mental disorders, and may lead to self-harm or suicide. [25] [26] The behavioral effects of anxiety may include withdrawal from situations which have provoked anxiety or negative feelings in the past. [8]
Many stress management techniques cope with stresses one may find themselves withstanding. Some of the following ways reduce a higher than usual stress level temporarily, to compensate the biological issues involved; others face the stressors at a higher level of abstraction:
There are several exercises designed to develop mindfulness meditation, which may be aided by guided meditations "to get the hang of it". [9] [70] [note 3] As forms of self-observation and interoception, these methods increase awareness of the body, so they are usually beneficial to people with low self-awareness or low awareness of their bodies or emotional state.