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Phakopsora pachyrhizi is an obligate biotrophic pathogen that causes Asian soybean rust. Phakopsora pachyrhizi is able to affect up to 31 different plant species that belong to 17 different genera under natural conditions. Experiments in laboratories were able to use P. pachyrhizi to infect 60 more plant species.
Soybean rust is a disease that affects soybeans and other legumes. It is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, commonly known as Asian soybean rust, and Phakopsora meibomiae, commonly known as New World soybean rust. P. meibomiae is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems.
Aspergillus sojae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. In Japan, it is used to make the ferment of soy sauce, miso, mirin, and other lacto-fermented condiments such as tsukemono. Soy sauce condiment is produced by fermenting soybeans with A. sojae, [1] along with water and salt.
Symptoms appear as dark red to black lesions on the lower surface of the leaves. They appear as sunken lesions surrounded by a raised brown-black border on the pods, petioles and stems. Very small black fruiting bodies of the fungus are usually visible in older lesions. [3] Other symptoms include shedding of leaves, flower and pod abortion. [3]
Cercospora kikuchii is a fungal plant pathogen that affects soybeans. [1] It results in both the Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain diseases on soybean and is found almost worldwide. C. kikuchii produces the toxin cercosporin, as do a number of other Cercospora species.
Phyllosticta sojicola emerges from infected plant debris in spring and spread by wind and rain-splash onto healthy plants. While the infection method for Phyllosticta sojicola are unknown, other Phyllosticta species are known to infect leaves via an appressorium in a process that requires adequate moisture. [ 3 ]
Phialophora gregata’s infection of a soybean plant is accompanied by browning of the plant’s vascular and pith tissues. [2] The plant often exhibits chlorosis and necrosis, as well as leaf browning. [2] Wilting and defoliation are also known to occur. [2] Signs of infection often go unnoticed until reproductive stages of a plant’s life cycle.
Cercospora sojina is a fungal plant pathogen which causes frogeye leaf spot of soybeans. Frog eye leaf spot is a major disease on soybeans in the southern U.S. and has recently started to expand into the northern U.S. where soybeans are grown.