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Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible.
The medical application to industrial microbiology is the production of new drugs synthesized in a specific organism for medical purposes. Production of antibiotics is necessary for the treatment of many bacterial infections. Some natural occurring antibiotics and precursors, are produced through a process called fermentation. The ...
Cephalosporins are widely used antibiotics because of their clinical efficiency and desirable safety profile. [ 3 ] The cephalosporins are diverse in their antibacterial spectrum , water solubility , acid tolerability, oral bioavailability , biological half-life and other properties.
A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. [3] [4] Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the ones which cause the common cold or influenza. [5] Drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals. Antibiotics are also not effective against fungi.
The production of a β-lactamase by a bacterium does not necessarily rule out all treatment options with β-lactam antibiotics. In some instances, β-lactam antibiotics may be co-administered with a β-lactamase inhibitor. For example, Augmentin (FGP) is made of amoxicillin (a β-lactam antibiotic) and clavulanic acid (a β-lactamase inhibitor).
John Elmer McKeen (1903 – 1978) was a pioneering chemical engineer known globally for his contributions to mass production of antibiotics, particularly penicillin, during World War II. His contributions led to the rapid scale-up of production, supplying a substantial portion of this vital "miracle antibiotic" to the armed forces. [ 1 ]
Streptomyces isolates have yielded the majority of human, animal, and agricultural antibiotics, as well as a number of fundamental chemotherapy medicines.Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus of Actinomycetota, producing chemotherapy, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic drugs, and immunosuppressants. [1]
The recovery of the benzylpenicillin is the most important part of the production process because it affects the later purification steps if done incorrectly. [13] There are several techniques used to recover benzylpenicillin: aqueous two-phase extraction, liquid membrane extraction, microfiltration, and solvent extraction.