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An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
Type 2 inflammation is a pattern of immune response. Its physiological function is to defend the body against helminths , but a dysregulation of the type 2 inflammatory response has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases.
To make up for this lack of defense, plants use the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathways to combat trauma and pathogens. PTI is the first line of defense in plants and is triggered by PAMPs to initiate signaling throughout the plant that damage has occurred to a cell. Along with the PTI, DAMPs are also ...
The inflammasome was discovered by the team of Jürg Tschopp, at the University of Lausanne, in 2002. [17] [18] In 2002, it was first reported by Martinon et al. [17] that NLRP1 (NLR family PYD-containing 1) could assemble and oligomerize into a structure in vitro, which activated the caspase-1 cascade, thereby leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18.
In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. [1] Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of ...
Cellular immunity protects the body through: T-cell mediated immunity or T-cell immunity: activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens;
The human body has many defense mechanisms against pathogens, one of which is humoral immunity. This defence mechanism produces antibodies (large glycoproteins ) in response to an immune stimulus. Many cells of the immune system are required for this process, including lymphocytes ( T-cells and B-cells ) and antigen presenting cells .
3586 16153 Ensembl ENSG00000136634 ENSMUSG00000016529 UniProt P22301 P18893 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000572 NM_010548 RefSeq (protein) NP_000563 NP_034678 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 206.77 – 206.77 Mb Chr 1: 130.95 – 130.95 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti- inflammatory cytokine ...