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  2. Integration by reduction formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_reduction...

    In integral calculus, integration by reduction formulae is a method relying on recurrence relations. It is used when an expression containing an integer parameter , usually in the form of powers of elementary functions, or products of transcendental functions and polynomials of arbitrary degree , can't be integrated directly.

  3. Method of undetermined coefficients - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_undetermined...

    If a term in the above particular integral for y appears in the homogeneous solution, it is necessary to multiply by a sufficiently large power of x in order to make the solution independent. If the function of x is a sum of terms in the above table, the particular integral can be guessed using a sum of the corresponding terms for y. [1]

  4. Cauchy formula for repeated integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_formula_for...

    The Cauchy formula for repeated integration, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, allows one to compress n antiderivatives of a function into a single integral (cf. Cauchy's formula). For non-integer n it yields the definition of fractional integrals and (with n < 0) fractional derivatives .

  5. Error function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function

    The integral here is a complex contour integral which is path-independent because ⁡ is holomorphic on the whole complex plane . In many applications, the function argument is a real number, in which case the function value is also real.

  6. Recurrence relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrence_relation

    In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation according to which the th term of a sequence of numbers is equal to some combination of the previous terms. Often, only k {\displaystyle k} previous terms of the sequence appear in the equation, for a parameter k {\displaystyle k} that is independent of n {\displaystyle n} ; this number k ...

  7. Wallis' integrals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis'_integrals

    The sequence () is decreasing and has positive terms. In fact, for all : >, because it is an integral of a non-negative continuous function which is not identically zero; + = ⁡ + ⁡ = (⁡) (⁡) >, again because the last integral is of a non-negative continuous function.

  8. Differintegral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differintegral

    Linearity rules (+) = + () = ()Zero rule =; Product rule = = () (); In general, composition (or semigroup) rule is a desirable property, but is hard to achieve mathematically and hence is not always completely satisfied by each proposed operator; [3] this forms part of the decision making process on which one to choose:

  9. Lists of integrals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals

    Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.

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