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  2. Planetary boundaries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries

    The boundary is defined as the lower end of that range. If the boundaries are persistently crossed, the world goes further into a danger zone. [6] It is difficult to restore a 'safe operating space' for humanity that is described by the planetary boundary concept.

  3. List of tectonic plate interactions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate...

    The Motagua Fault, which crosses through Guatemala, is a transform boundary between the southern edge of the North American plate and the northern edge of the Caribbean plate. New Zealand's Alpine Fault is another active transform boundary. The Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault which runs through the Jordan River Valley in the Middle East.

  4. Divergent boundary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_boundary

    Continental-continental divergent/constructive boundary Oceanic divergent boundary: mid-ocean ridge (cross-section/cut-away view). In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.

  5. Tipping points in the climate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the...

    Some tipping points may be close to being crossed or have already been crossed, like those of the ice sheets in West Antarctic and Greenland, warm-water coral reefs, and the Amazon rainforest. [22] [23] As of September 2022, nine global core tipping elements and seven regional impact tipping elements have been identified. [2]

  6. Thrust tectonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_tectonics

    It is one of the three main types of tectonic regime, the others being extensional tectonics and strike-slip tectonics. These match the three types of plate boundary, convergent (thrust), divergent (extensional) and transform (strike-slip). There are two main types of thrust tectonics, thin-skinned and thick-skinned, depending on whether or not ...

  7. Paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogeography_of_the_India...

    For example, Ingalls et al. (2018) uses δ 18 O (oxygen-isotope) in meteoric water and Δ47 (clumped-isotope) in non-marine carbonates to reconstruct paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation of the Tibetan Plateau. It is suggested that the southern part of Tibet is around 3–4 km high and have an average temperature of 10 °C as early as in ...

  8. Transform fault - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_fault

    A transform fault or transform boundary, is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal. [1] It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a subduction zone. [2] A transform fault is a special case of a strike-slip fault that also forms a plate boundary.

  9. Heliosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

    The heliopause is the theoretical boundary where the Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar medium; where the solar wind's strength is no longer great enough to push back the stellar winds of the surrounding stars. This is the boundary where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance.