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Cybernetics' central concept of circular causality is of wide applicability, leading to diverse applications and relations with other fields. Many of the initial applications of cybernetics focused on engineering, biology, and exchanges between the two, such as medical cybernetics and robotics and topics such as neural networks, heterarchy. [35]
The discovery of mathematical principles of control introduced a way to model a negative feedback loop closed through the environment (circular causation), which spawned perceptual control theory. It differs fundamentally from some models in behavioral and cognitive psychology that model stimuli as causes of behavior (linear causation).
Circular cumulative causation is a theory developed by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal who applied it systematically for the first time in 1944 (Myrdal, G. (1944), An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, New York: Harper). It is a multi-causal approach where the core variables and their linkages are delineated.
According to George Richardson's book "Feedback Thought in Social Science and Systems Theory", [2] the first published, formal use of a causal loop diagram to describe a feedback system was Magoroh Maruyama's 1963 article "The Second Cybernetics: Deviation-Amplifying Mutual Causal Processes".
Audio feedback – Howling caused by a circular path in an audio system; Black box – System where only the inputs and outputs can be viewed, and not its implementation (see "experiment model") Cybernetics – Transdisciplinary field concerned with regulatory and purposive systems
Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. [1] Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the ...
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. [1]
The book International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics is an authoritative encyclopedia [1] for systems theory, cybernetics, the complex systems science, which covers both theories and applications in areas as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences.