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This version of mood-state inventory is a multidimensional instrument, and is used to look over and examine the frequency of multiple fundamental human emotions. [11] The 49 items of the DES-IV help measure 12 basic emotions (interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, hostility, fear, shame, shyness and guilt). [ 12 ]
Carroll Ellis Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017) [1] was an American research psychologist [2] [3] [4] known for his contributions to differential emotions theory (DET), [5] [6] and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX) on which he worked with Paul Ekman. [7]
Anticipation is an emotion involving pleasure or anxiety in considering or awaiting an expected event. Anticipatory emotions include fear , anxiety , hope and trust . [ 1 ] When the anticipated event fails to occur, it results in disappointment (for a positive event) or relief (for a negative one).
The Affective Slider is an empirically validated digital scale for the self-assessment of affect composed of two slider controls that measure basic emotions in terms of pleasure and arousal, [6] which constitute a bidimensional emotional space called core affect, that can be used to map more complex conscious emotional states.
According to most emotion theories, emotions, both positive and negative ones, occur most frequently and intensely among people in close interpersonal relationship. [5] A close relationship is defined as a state of the relationship in which partners are highly interdependent, although the degrees of dependence are not necessarily equal. [4]
On "basic emotion" accounts, activation of an emotion, such as anger, sadness, or fear, is "triggered" by the brain's appraisal of a stimulus or event with respect to the perceiver's goals or survival. In particular, the function, expression, and meaning of different emotions are hypothesized to be biologically distinct from one another.
Discrete emotion theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions.For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963) concluded that there are nine basic affects which correspond with what we come to know as emotions: interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, fear, anger, shame, dissmell (reaction to bad smell) and disgust.
In psychology, negative affectivity (NA), or negative affect, is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. [1] Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, [2] and nervousness.