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In organic chemistry, methenium (also called methylium, carbenium, [2] methyl cation, or protonated methylene) is a cation with the formula CH + 3. It can be viewed as a methylene radical (: CH 2) with an added proton (H +), or as a methyl radical (• CH 3) with one electron removed.
A carbanion is one of several reactive intermediates in organic chemistry. In organic synthesis, organolithium reagents and Grignard reagents are commonly treated and referred to as "carbanions." This is a convenient approximation, although these species are generally clusters or complexes containing highly polar, but still covalent bonds metal ...
Primary carbocations in the solution phase, even as transient intermediates (the ethyl cation has been proposed for reactions in 99.9% sulfuric acid and in FSO 2 OH·SbF 5), [12] and methyl cation has only been unambiguously identified in the gas phase. In most, if not all cases, the ground state of alleged primary carbenium ions consist of ...
The 2-norbornyl cation is one of the best characterized carbonium ion. It is the prototype for non-classical ions. As indicated first by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by X-ray crystallography, [1] it has a symmetric structure with an RCH 2 + group bonded to an alkene group, stabilized by a bicyclic structure.
It was the heptamethylbenzenium ion, made by treating hexamethylbenzene with methyl chloride and aluminium chloride. The stable 7-norbornadienyl cation was prepared by Story et al. in 1960 [15] by reacting norbornadienyl chloride with silver tetrafluoroborate in sulfur dioxide at −80 °C.
The intermediary formed carbanion is captured by another electrophile. Examples of nucleophiles are Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents. For example, the reaction of C 60 with methylmagnesium chloride stops quantitatively at the penta-adduct with the methyl groups centered around a cyclopentadienyl anion which is subsequently ...
Triphenylcarbenium Space-filling model of the Ph 3 C + ion. In chemistry, triphenylcarbenium, [1] triphenylmethyl cation, tritylium , [2] or trityl cation is an ion with formula [C 19 H 15] + or (C 6 H 5) 3 C +, consisting of a carbon atom with a positive charge connected to three phenyl groups.
Because of the capture of the nucleophile (R •), methyl has oxidising character. Methyl is a strong oxidant with organic chemicals. However, it is equally a strong reductant with chemicals such as water. It does not form aqueous solutions, as it reduces water to produce methanol and elemental hydrogen: 2 CH • 3 + 2 H 2 O → 2 CH 3 OH + H 2