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This debate centres on the validity of heightened perceptions of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity, where some researchers view the homogeneity effect as an example of cognitive bias and error, while other researchers view the effect as an example of normal and often adaptive social perception. [3]
Also known as current moment bias or present bias, and related to Dynamic inconsistency. A good example of this is a study showed that when making food choices for the coming week, 74% of participants chose fruit, whereas when the food choice was for the current day, 70% chose chocolate.
For example, many scholars' findings support that both negative self-stereotyping and outgroup favoritism have similarly palliative effects by allowing individuals within unjust systems to rationalize the status quo as fair and valid (in line with system justification theory). [citation needed]
Also, in-group members will 'explain away' out-group success to external factors such as luck or circumstance. [1] The bias reinforces negative stereotypes and prejudice about the out-group and favouritism of the ingroup through positive stereotypes.
Categorization of people into social groups increases the perception that group members are similar to one another. An outcome of this is the out-group homogeneity effect. This refers to the perception of members of an out-group as being homogenous, while members of one's in-group are perceived as being diverse, e.g. "they are alike; we are ...
Recategorization has long been used to reduce bias and increase group cohesion. [4] Several interventions have been tested or proposed with the goal of reducing bias. Although it is not referred to as such, recategorization policies were included in the 2003 Rwandan constitution in an effort to reduce discrimination following the Rwandan ...
Outgroup homogeneity can be defined as seeing the outgroup members as more homogeneous than ingroup members. [43] Self-categorization accounts for the outgroup homogeneity effect as a function of perceiver motivation and the resultant comparative context, [4] [15] which is a description of the psychologically available stimuli at any one time ...
In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways.