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The millefiori technique involves the production of glass canes or rods, known as murrine, with multicolored patterns which are viewable only from the cut ends of the cane. [2] [9] A murrine rod is heated in a furnace and pulled until thin while still maintaining the cross section's design. It is then cut into beads or discs when cooled. [2] [9]
The stained glass of Islam is generally non-pictorial and of purely geometric design, but may contain both floral motifs and text. Stained glass creation had flourished in Persia (now Iran) during the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736 A.D.), and Zand dynasty (1751–1794 A.D.). [27]
The makers of stained glass were declared exempt from taxes at the end of the 15th century by King Charles V of France. [25] Stained glass artists also began to have a wider variety of clients; not only kings but also wealthy aristocrats and merchants. Windows were made not only for cathedrals but also for town halls and palatial residences.
As bar tracery opened the way for more complex patterns, masons started applying those same patterns to other surfaces as well as the actual window openings. When used on an otherwise solid walls, such motifs are known as blind tracery, a decorative effect first applied on the west facade of the church of St Nicaise at Reims (1230s).
A selection of glass beads Merovingian bead Trade beads, 18th century Trade beads, 18th century. A bead is a small, decorative object that is formed in a variety of shapes and sizes of a material such as stone, bone, shell, glass, plastic, wood, or pearl and with a small hole for threading or stringing.
Medieval stained glass is the colored and painted glass of medieval Europe from the 10th century to the 16th century. For much of this period stained glass windows were the major pictorial art form, particularly in northern France, Germany and England, where windows tended to be larger than in southern Europe (in Italy, for example, frescos were more common).
A Baroque oculus without tracery or stained glass can be seen at San Jose Mission in San Antonio, Texas, which was founded by the Franciscan Fathers and dates from 1718 to 1731. The largest rose window in the United States is The Great Rose Window above the main doors of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City.
One example is the stained glass window of the doorway of the Hôtel van Eetvelde in Brussels (1895). In France, Art Nouveau stained glass was used by Alphonse Mucha to decorate the interior of the jewelry shop of Georges Fouquet. The windows were made by Léon Fargues. The decor is now found in the Carnavalet Museum.
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