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Sensors provide analogs to human senses and can monitor other phenomena for which humans lack explicit sensors. Simple Touch: Sensing an object's presence or absence. Complex Touch: Sensing an object's size, shape and/or hardness. Simple Force: Measuring force along a single axis. Complex Force: Measuring force along multiple axes.
A smart transducer is an analog or digital transducer, actuator, or sensor combined with a processing unit and a communication interface. [1] As sensors and actuators become more complex, they provide support for various modes of operation and interfacing. Some applications require additionally fault-tolerant and distributed computing.
There are three types of tactile sensors. The first, single point sensors, can be compared to a single cell, or whiskers, and can detect very local stimuli. The second type of sensor is a high spatial resolution sensor which can be compared to a human fingertip and is essential for the tactile acuity in robotic hands.
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Some sensors can also affect what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors are usually designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages. [3]
An actuator is a component of a machine that produces force, torque, or displacement, when an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input is supplied to it in a system (called an actuating system). The effect is usually produced in a controlled way. [1] An actuator translates such an input signal into the required form of mechanical energy.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to robotics: . Robotics is a branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.