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  2. Closeness (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeness_(mathematics)

    Closeness is a basic concept in topology and related areas in mathematics.Intuitively, we say two sets are close if they are arbitrarily near to each other. The concept can be defined naturally in a metric space where a notion of distance between elements of the space is defined, but it can be generalized to topological spaces where we have no concrete way to measure distances.

  3. Closeness centrality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeness_centrality

    In the classic definition of the closeness centrality, the spread of information is modeled by the use of shortest paths. This model might not be the most realistic for all types of communication scenarios. Thus, related definitions have been discussed to measure closeness, like the random walk closeness centrality introduced by Noh and Rieger ...

  4. Near sets - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_sets

    From a spatial point of view, nearness (a.k.a. proximity) is considered a generalization of set intersection.For disjoint sets, a form of nearness set intersection is defined in terms of a set of objects (extracted from disjoint sets) that have similar features within some tolerance (see, e.g., §3 in).

  5. Topological space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space

    In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance.More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called points, along with an additional structure called a topology, which can be defined as a set of neighbourhoods for each point that satisfy some axioms ...

  6. Closure (topology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(topology)

    The definition of a point of closure of a set is closely related to the definition of a limit point of a set.The difference between the two definitions is subtle but important – namely, in the definition of a limit point of a set , every neighbourhood of must contain a point of other than itself, i.e., each neighbourhood of obviously has but it also must have a point of that is not equal to ...

  7. Metric space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space

    The idea of spaces of mathematical objects can also be applied to subsets of a metric space, as well as metric spaces themselves. Hausdorff and Gromov–Hausdorff distance define metrics on the set of compact subsets of a metric space and the set of compact metric spaces, respectively. Suppose (M, d) is a metric space, and let S be a subset of M.

  8. Topology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology

    A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...

  9. Closure (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(mathematics)

    It follows that, in a specific example, when closeness is proved, there is no need to check the axioms for proving that a substructure is a structure of the same type. Given a subset X of an algebraic structure S, the closure of X is the smallest substructure of S that is closed under all operations of S.

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