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Other units still in use worldwide in some contexts are the kilocalorie per gram (Cal/g or kcal/g), mostly in food-related topics, and watt-hours per kilogram (W⋅h/kg) in the field of batteries. In some countries the Imperial unit BTU per pound (Btu/lb) is used in some engineering and applied technical fields. [1]
the small calorie (gram-calorie, cal) is 4.184 J exactly. It was originally defined so that the specific heat capacity of liquid water would be 1 cal/(°C⋅g). The grand calorie (kilocalorie, kilogram-calorie, food calorie, kcal, Cal) is 1000 small calories, 4184 J exactly. It was defined so that the specific heat capacity of water would be 1 ...
g-cal-IT =cal-IT g-cal-th =cal-th g-kcal-15 =kcal-15 g-kcal-IT =kcal-IT g-kcal-th =kcal-th g-Mcal-15 =Mcal-15 g-mcal-15 =mcal-15 g-Mcal-IT =Mcal-IT g-mcal-IT =mcal-IT g-Mcal-th =Mcal-th g-mcal-th =mcal-th GW-h =GW.h GW·h =GW.h Hartree =Eh hp.h =hph in.lb-f =inlb-f in.lbf =inlbf in.oz-f =inoz-f in.ozf =inozf kbboe =kBOE: symbol = kbboe kg-cal ...
The "grand calorie" (also "kilocalorie", "kilogram-calorie", or "food calorie"; "kcal" or "Cal") is 1000 cal, that is, exactly 4184 J. It was originally defined so that the heat capacity of 1 kg of water would be 1 kcal/°C. With these units of heat energy, the units of heat capacity are 1 cal/°C = 4.184 J/K ; 1 kcal/°C = 4184 J/K.
The precise equivalence between calories and joules has varied over the years, but in thermochemistry and nutrition it is now generally assumed that one (small) calorie (thermochemical calorie) is equal to exactly 4.184 J, and therefore one kilocalorie (one large calorie) is 4184 J or 4.184 kJ.
The calorie is defined as the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 Celsius degree, from a temperature of 14.5 °C, at a pressure of 1 atm. For thermochemistry a calorie of 4.184 J is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of 4.1868 J.
Cal-15 (kg-cal-15) Cal 15: 1.0 Cal 15 (4.2 kJ) megacalorie (15°C) Mcal-15 (g-cal-15) Mcal 15: 1.0 Mcal 15 (4.2 MJ) kilocalorie (15°C) kcal-15 (g-cal-15)
Only one equation of state will not be sufficient to reconstitute the fundamental equation. All equations of state will be needed to fully characterize the thermodynamic system. Note that what is commonly called "the equation of state" is just the "mechanical" equation of state involving the Helmholtz potential and the volume: