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2. Gibbs–Helmholtz equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs–Helmholtz_equation

   The definition of the Gibbs function is = + where H is the enthalpy defined by: = +. Taking differentials of each definition to find dH and dG, then using the fundamental thermodynamic relation (always true for reversible or irreversible processes): = where S is the entropy, V is volume, (minus sign due to reversibility, in which dU = 0: work other than pressure-volume may be done and is equal ...

3. Ebullioscopic constant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullioscopic_constant

   A formula to compute the ebullioscopic constant is: [2] = R is the ideal gas constant. M is the molar mass of the solvent. T b is boiling point of the pure solvent in kelvin. ΔH vap is the molar enthalpy of vaporization of the solvent.

4. Jurin's law - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurin's_Law

   Jurin's law, or capillary rise, is the simplest analysis of capillary action—the induced motion of liquids in small channels [1] —and states that the maximum height of a liquid in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to the tube's diameter.

5. Helmholtz free energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy

   The Helmholtz free energy is defined as [3], where . F is the Helmholtz free energy (sometimes also called A, particularly in the field of chemistry) (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),; U is the internal energy of the system (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),

6. Range of a projectile - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_a_projectile

   This is due to the nature of right triangles. Additionally, from the equation for the range : = ⁡ We can see that the range will be maximum when the value of ⁡ is the highest (i.e. when it is equal to 1).

7. Thermodynamic square - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_square

   G = Gibbs free energy p = Pressure H = Enthalpy S = Entropy U = Internal energy V = Volume F = Helmholtz free energy T = Temperature. The thermodynamic square (also known as the thermodynamic wheel, Guggenheim scheme or Born square) is a mnemonic diagram attributed to Max Born and used to help determine